Urologists treat conditions of the urinary tract in both men and women and the male reproductive system. Some of the key conditions they treat include:

1. Urinary Tract Conditions

   • Urinary tract infections (UTIs): Bacterial infections that can occur anywhere in the urinary tract.

   • Urinary incontinence: Involuntary leakage of urine, which can be caused by various factors.

   • Bladder stones and kidney stones: Masses of minerals that develop in the bladder and kidneys due to high concentrations of urine crystallising.

   • Pelvic organ prolapse: A condition where the muscles and tissues that support the rectum, uterus and bladder become weak.

2. Male-Specific Conditions

   • Enlarged prostate (benign prostatic hyperplasia or BPH): It is a common condition in ageing men that causes frequent or urgent urination and other urinary difficulties.

   • Prostatitis: A painful swelling of the prostate gland, sometimes caused by a bacterial infection and sometimes having other causes.

   • Male infertility: Urologists can help evaluate and treat causes of male infertility.

3. Female-Specific Conditions

   • Bladder prolapse or fallen bladder: This occurs when the bladder pushes into the vagina. It often results from weakened tissues between the bladder and vagina, commonly due to childbirth or heavy lifting.

Treatments may include surgical interventions, medications, or assisted reproductive techniques like sperm retrieval (TESA/TESE/micro TESE/PESA) for IVF/ICSI.